Kōwhai Tree Information & Advice

Kōwhai General Information

There is a wealth of information about Kowhai and often The Plant Company is asked specific questions which we have laid out here to hopefully answer any questions you may also have.

How Many Species Of Sophora Are There?

There are approximately 45 species of Sophora, a genus of flowering plants in the pea family (Fabaceae). These species are found in temperate and subtropical regions around the world, including Asia, North America, South America, Africa, and Europe. Sophora species are typically small trees or shrubs with alternate, pinnate leaves and showy flowers. The flowers are typically yellow, white, or purple, and they are arranged in racemes or panicles. The fruits are legumes, which are typically indehiscent (i.e., they do not split open to release the seeds).

Here are some of the most common Sophora species:

• Sophora alopecuroides: This species is native to China and Japan. It is a small tree with yellow flowers.
• Sophora japonica: This species is native to China, Japan, and Korea. It is a small tree with white or cream-colored flowers.
• Sophora macrantha: This species is native to China. It is a small tree with large, purple flowers.
• Sophora microphylla: This species is native to New Zealand. It is a small tree with yellow flowers.
• Sophora prostrata: This species is native to New Zealand. It is a prostrate shrub with yellow flowers.

Kōwhai Species Native To NZ

NZ has eight native species of Kowhai. They are list below and have been separated into trees and shrubs:

Tree Kowhai

• Sophora chathamica
• Sophora fulvida
• Sophora godleyi
• Sophora longicarinata
• Sophora tetraptera
• Sophora microphylla

Shrub Kowhai

• Sophora prostrata
• Sophora molloyi

They all produce vibrant yellow flowers with the exception of Sophora chathamica. This species produces cream-coloured flowers.

Sophora prostrata and Sophora molloyi are the only two species that have a juvenile growth stage. During this time they have divaricating foliage (i.e., stems with few leaves). This can last for 2-4 years, depending on the species and growing conditions, before adult leaves are produced.

Threatened Kowhai Species In NZ

Three species of Kowhai are classified as threatened in New Zealand by the New Zealand Threatened Plant Panel:

Sophora fulvida (Golden Kowhai)

This critically endangered species is found only on the Poor Knights Islands and Great Barrier Island. It's characterized by its golden-yellow flowers and shrubby growth habit. Threats to its survival include habitat loss from introduced animals like goats and possums, and competition from invasive weeds.

Sophora longicarinata (Long-keeled Kowhai)

This endangered species is restricted to the northern tip of the North Island. It has yellow flowers with a distinctive reddish-brown keel and can grow as a shrub or small tree. Habitat loss, competition from weeds, and browsing by introduced mammals are the main threats to this species.

Sophora molloyi (Hector's Kowhai)

This vulnerable species is found only on the Poor Knights Islands and the Three Kings Islands. It has yellow flowers and grows as a small tree or shrub. Habitat loss from introduced animals and competition from weeds are the primary threats to this species.

Conservation efforts are underway to protect these threatened species. These include:

• Habitat restoration and protection: This involves controlling invasive animals and weeds, and fencing off areas to prevent browsing by introduced mammals.
• Seed collection and propagation: Seeds are collected from wild populations and grown in nurseries for future replanting efforts.
• Community engagement: Raising awareness about the plight of these threatened Kowhai species and encouraging public participation in conservation efforts.

By supporting these conservation initiatives, we can help to ensure the survival of these beautiful and unique native plants for future generations.

What Are Some Facts About Kōwhai?

Kowhai is an iconic New Zealand tree but there is more to this tree than meets the eye:

• There are eight different species of Kowhai, each with its own unique characteristics.
• Kowhai is considered NZ’s national flower.
• Kowhai typically flower in late winter and spring, and bring a burst of colour to the landscape. Bird and bees are drawn to the nectar rich flowers.
• Kowhai species range in size from the dwarf Sophora prostrata (1-2 metres) to the tall Sophora tetraptera (up to 15 metres).
• Like other legumes, Kowhai fix nitrogen from the air, enriching the soil and benefiting surrounding plants.
• They provide food and shelter for native birds like tui, bellbirds, and kereru.
• Māori value Kowhai for its medicinal properties and use it to make yellow dye.
• Kowhai is featured in various forms of art, postage stamps, and coins, reflecting its cultural significance.
• All parts of the Kowhai plant are poisonous, especially the seeds.
• Most Kowhai species are evergreen.
• Three Kowhai species are classified as threatened in New Zealand due to habitat loss and introduced pests.

Overall, Kowhai are a beautiful, ecologically beneficial, and culturally significant plant that adds a touch of brightness to the New Zealand landscape.

What Are The Benefits Of Growing Kowhai?

Growing Kowhai in your garden offers a multitude of benefits, both aesthetic and ecological:

Visual Appeal:

• Stunning flowers: Kowhai bring a burst of vibrant colour to your garden, typically with bright yellow flowers that appear in late winter or spring. These flowers add a cheerful and eye-catching element to the landscape.
• Evergreen foliage: Most Kowhai species are evergreen, providing year-round greenery and visual interest in your garden, even during the colder months.
• Variety of sizes and forms: Depending on the specific species, Kowhai can grow into trees or shrubs, offering options to suit various garden sizes and styles.

Environmental Benefits:

• Attracts pollinators: Kowhai flowers are a rich source of nectar, attracting bees, butterflies, and other pollinators to your garden. This helps to support healthy and diverse pollinator populations, crucial for ecosystem balance.
• Nitrogen fixation: Like other legumes, Kowhai fix nitrogen from the air and convert it into a usable form for plants. This helps to improve soil fertility and benefit surrounding plants.
• Habitat provision: Kowhai can provide food and shelter for native birds, such as tui, bellbirds, and kereru, contributing to the overall biodiversity of your garden.

Additional Advantages:

• Low maintenance: Once established, Kowhai are generally easy to care for, requiring minimal pruning and watering.
• Hardy plants: Most Kowhai are tolerant of drought, wind, and cooler climates, making them suitable for a variety of growing conditions in New Zealand.
• Cultural significance: Kowhai is a culturally significant plant in New Zealand, symbolizing spring and renewal. Planting them in your garden can connect you to the local heritage and tradition.

Important Note: While Kowhai offer numerous benefits, it's crucial to remember that all parts of the plant are poisonous, especially the seeds. If you have young children or pets, it's essential to choose a safe planting location and supervise them around the plant.

What is New Zealand's National Flower?

New Zealand has one official national flower: the Kōwhai. It is a small tree that produces brilliant yellow flowers in the spring, making it easy to recognize and admire. Kōwhai trees are native to New Zealand and are found throughout the country. They are a popular choice for gardens and parks, and they are also a symbol of New Zealand's natural beauty.

Which NZ Kowhai Has Vibrant Yellow Flowers?

Some Kowhai species are known for their particularly vibrant yellow flowers:

• Sophora microphylla (Small-leaved Kowhai): This widespread species is known for its abundant and bright yellow blooms.
• Sophora tetraptera (Large-leaved Kowhai) has beautiful yellow flowers, but they might appear slightly less vibrant due to the larger, greyish-green leaves.
• Sophora ‘Dragons Gold’ produces masses of beautiful yellow flowers. This smaller version of Sophora microphylla is very popular.

If you're looking for a Kowhai with undeniably yellow flowers, Sophora microphylla is a strong contender. But ultimately, the best way to decide is to see different Kowhai species in person and choose the one whose yellow hue resonates most with you.

Why Is Kowhai NZ’s National Flower?

The Kowhai tree (Sophora microphylla) holds significant symbolism in New Zealand culture, representing:

• Renewal and New Beginnings: The kōwhai's vibrant yellow flowers are among the first to bloom in spring, signalling the end of winter and the start of a new season. This association with renewal and new beginnings has made the kōwhai a symbol of hope, optimism, and fresh starts.
• Strength and Resilience: The kōwhai tree is known for its adaptability and ability to thrive in diverse environments. Its deep roots and sturdy branches symbolize strength, resilience, and the ability to withstand challenges.
• Beauty and Joy: The kōwhai's delicate yellow flowers and graceful form bring beauty and joy to the landscape. Its cheerful appearance is often associated with happiness, positivity, and the appreciation of nature's beauty.
• Māori Culture and Tradition: The kōwhai is deeply intertwined with Māori culture and tradition. Its name derives from the Māori word for "yellow," and the tree is featured in many Māori legends and proverbs. It is considered a sacred tree, symbolizing wisdom, knowledge, and connection to the land.
• National Identity and Pride: The kōwhai is officially recognized as New Zealand's national flower. Its widespread presence and vibrant colors make it a symbol of national identity, pride, and the uniqueness of New Zealand's natural heritage.

The kōwhai tree stands as a deeply cherished symbol in New Zealand, representing the country's spirit of renewal, resilience, and appreciation for its natural beauty.

Kōwhai Varieties & Recommendations

The Plant Company has a range of Kowhai varieties and the choice depends on the what the plant is to be used for. The most common uses are as a specimen tree or adding to a mixed planting in a large garden. Our short articles delve into the popular varieties and uses for Kōwhai.

Sophora Chathamica Characteristics

Sophora chathamica, commonly known as Chatham Island Kowhai, is a unique and threatened species of kōwhai native to the Chatham Islands of New Zealand. Some of its key characteristics include:

• Size and growth: Grows to a height of up to 20 meters (65 feet) and a width of up to 4 meters (13 feet). It typically has one or more trunks with branches that spread upwards and have dense foliage.
• Leaves: Evergreen with a fern-like appearance.
• Flowers: The Chatham Island Kowhai produces yellow, pea-like flowers in racemes (clusters) in late winter and spring.
• Fruits: After flowering, the plant produces brown seed pods that can reach up to 180 mm in length.
• Habitat: Found naturally in coastal forests, on cliff faces, and banks overlooking estuaries and inlets on the Chatham Islands.
• Rarity and conservation status: Classified as Threatened by the New Zealand Department of Conservation due to habitat loss, browsing by introduced mammals, and competition from invasive plants.

Additional notes:

• Toxicity: Like other Kowhai species, all parts of the plant are poisonous, especially the seeds.
• Moderately fast-growing: Can reach maturity within 10-20 years under favourable conditions.
• Hardy: Tolerates cool climates, wind, and well-drained soils.

Important: Due to its threatened status, it's crucial not to collect seeds or disturb natural populations of the Chatham Island Kowhai. If you're interested in planting this Kowhai species, it's essential to obtain it from reputable nurseries that propagate them ethically and sustainably such as The Plant Company.

Sophora Dragons Gold Characteristics

Sophora ‘Dragons Gold’, also known as Dragon's Gold Kowhai, is a beautiful dwarf cultivar of Sophora microphylla (the Small-leaved Kowhai). It's known for its compact size, vibrant flowers, and ease of care, making it a popular choice for gardens in New Zealand and other temperate regions. Some of its key characteristics include:

• It grows to a height of 1.5-2 meters (5-6.5 feet) and a width of 2-2.5 meters (6.5-8 feet), making it ideal for smaller gardens or growing in a large pot. It is fast-growing and can reach its mature size within 5-10 years.
• It produces masses of golden yellow, pea-like flowers in clusters (racemes). These appear from late winter through most of spring. The flowers provide nectar for bees and other pollinators.
• The fern-like foliage is finely textured and bright green.
• Tolerates full sun and partial shade, moderate winds, and cooler climates. It thrives in well-drained, moisture-retentive soil.

Additional notes:

• Toxicity: Like other Kowhai species, all parts of the Sophora 'Dragons Gold' are poisonous, especially the seeds.
• Low maintenance: Requires minimal care once established, making it a good choice for busy or beginner gardeners.
• Its compact size and vibrant flowers make it versatile for various landscaping applications.

Overall, Sophora ‘Dragons Gold’ is a beautiful and easy-to-care-for plant that brings a touch of colour and life to any garden. It is extremely popular with landscape designers who often used it where space is limited, yet vibrant colour is required.

Sophora Microphylla Characteristics

Sophora microphylla, also known as weeping kōwhai and small-leaved kōwhai, is a beautiful flowering tree native to New Zealand. It's the most widespread of the eight species of kōwhai and is known for its:

• Showy yellow flowers: These pea-like blooms appear in clusters during spring and add a burst of colour to the landscape.
• Fern-like leaves: The trees are evergreen and have leaflets arranged along a central stalk. Each leaflet is small and oval-shaped, giving the plant its name "microphylla" which means "small-leaved".
• Young Sophora microphylla trees have a divaricating and bushy growth habit with many interlacing branches. This tangled form starts to straighten up and grow an upright trunk at about four years old.
• Other characteristics:
  • Size: Grows up to 8 meters (26 feet) tall and broad.
  • Habitat: Found throughout the main islands of New Zealand, although scarce in some areas.
  • Toxicity: All parts of the plant are poisonous, especially the seeds.
• Additional information:
  • Sophora microphylla is an important nitrogen-fixing plant, meaning it helps to improve soil fertility.
  • The flowers are a valuable source of nectar for bees and other pollinators.
  • The tree is hardy to cool climates, wind, and poorer soils, making it a good choice for landscaping in many areas.

Sophora Molloyi Characteristics

Sophora molloyi, also known as Hector's Kowhai, Cook Strait Kowhai, or Stephen's Island Kowhai, is a beautiful flowering tree native to New Zealand. Some of its key characteristics include:

• Size and growth habit: Grows to a height of 3-6 meters (10-20 feet) and a width of 3-4 meters (10-13 feet). It can be a shrub or small tree with a bushy and spreading growth habit.
• Leaves: Evergreen with leaflets arranged along a central stalk. Each leaflet is small (5-12 mm long).
• Flowers: Produces clusters of golden-yellow, pea-like flowers from spring through until late summer, making it one of the longest flowering Kowhai species. These flowers are attractive to bees, butterflies, and other pollinators.
• The plant produces dry, ridged seed pods that are 50-200 mm (2-8 inches) long and brown in colour.
• Habitat: Found naturally in coastal scrub and cliff faces along the Cook Strait, in the Marlborough Sounds, and on Stephen's Island.
• Adaptability: Tolerates full sun, exposed coastal sites, wind, and well-drained soils. It is also considered frost hardy in most regions.

Additional notes:

• Toxicity: Like other Kowhai species, all parts of the plant are poisonous, especially the seeds.
• Relatively fast-growing: Can reach maturity within 10-15 years under favourable conditions.
• Low maintenance: Requires minimal care once established.
• Conservation status: While not currently classified as threatened, Sophora molloyi is considered a locally uncommon species due to habitat loss and introduced pests.

Sophora Prostrata Characteristics

Sophora prostrata, commonly known as dwarf kōwhai or prostrate kōwhai, is a beautiful small shrub native to New Zealand. It's known for its vibrant yellow flowers, unique growth habit, and tolerance for harsh conditions. Here's a closer look at its key characteristics:

• Grows to a height of 1-2 meters (3-6.5 feet) and a width of 1.5 meters (5 feet). It has a distinctive, low-growing, and spreading (prostrate) growth habit, with zigzagging branches that intertwine to form a dense, mounded shape.
• Evergreen (though some consider it semi-deciduous in colder climates) with small, dark green leaves. Each leaf has 4-6 pairs of tiny leaflets, giving the plant a somewhat sparse and feathery appearance.
• Produces clusters of drooping, pea-like flowers in late winter or early spring. The flowers are typically bright yellow to orange and attract bees and other pollinators.
• The flowers are followed by brown seed pods.
• Found naturally in coastal areas, sand dunes, shrublands, and open forests in the eastern South Island of New Zealand.
• Tolerates full sun to partial shade, dry conditions, coastal environments, and wind. It's also considered frost hardy in most regions.

Additional notes:

• Toxicity: Like other Kowhai species, all parts of the Sophora prostrata are poisonous, especially the seeds.
• Low maintenance: Requires minimal care once established, making it a good choice for beginner gardeners.
• Suitable for: Ideal for rock gardens, borders, coastal gardens, and container growing. It can also be used as a groundcover or low hedge.

Overall, Sophora prostrata is a versatile and low-maintenance plant that adds a touch of charm and colour to any garden, especially in coastal areas or sunny, well-drained locations.

Sophora Tetraptera Information

Sophora tetraptera, also known as large-leaved kōwhai, is a stunning flowering tree native to the central and eastern North Island of New Zealand. It has some distinct characteristics:

• Compared to other kōwhai species, Sophora tetraptera has noticeably larger and more widely spaced leaflets. These greyish-green leaflets are typically 15-40 mm long and arranged along a 100-220 mm long rachis (central stalk).
• Showy yellow flowers, similar to other kōwhai, are produced as drooping clusters (racemes). These appear during spring and early summer and attract bees and other pollinators.
• The tree can grow up to 15 meters (50 feet) tall, making it the largest of the kōwhai species. It has a medium growth rate and generally maintains a single trunk throughout its life.
• Sophora tetraptera thrives in moist areas and is commonly found along riverbanks, forested margins, and lake edges. It has a preference for lowland habitats but can also occur in montane riparian forests.

Additional information:

• Semi-deciduous: Unlike some other kōwhai species that are evergreen, S. tetraptera may lose some leaves in colder climates.
• Moderately frost tender: While generally hardy, young S. tetraptera trees can be susceptible to frost damage.
• Nitrogen-fixing: Like other legumes, S. tetraptera helps to enrich the soil by fixing atmospheric nitrogen.

Important note: While Sophora tetraptera is a beautiful and valuable tree, it's important to remember that all parts of the plant are poisonous, especially the seeds.

What Is Sophora Microphylla Used For?

Sophora microphylla, also known as Kōwhai, is a deciduous tree endemic to New Zealand. It is known for its small leaves and distinctive golden yellow flowers that arrive in early spring. Kōwhai bark was traditionally used by Māori in medicine, and the extract contains soothing and cleansing properties. Today, this Sophora is primarily grown as an ornamental tree, but it also has some potential medicinal uses.

Traditional Medicinal Uses

• Māori, the indigenous people of New Zealand, have a long history of using Kōwhai for medicinal purposes. The bark of the tree was used to treat a variety of ailments, including:
  • Skin infections
  • Sore throats
  • Cuts and wounds
  • Diarrhoea
  • Stomach aches
  • The bark was also used as a general tonic to improve health and vitality.

Modern Medicinal Uses

• Sophora microphylla has not been extensively studied in modern medicine, but there is some evidence to suggest that it may have the following medicinal properties:
• Antibacterial: The bark of the tree contains compounds that have been shown to be effective against some types of bacteria.
• Antioxidant: The bark also contains antioxidants, which can help to protect cells from damage.
• Anti-inflammatory: It may have anti-inflammatory properties, which could make it useful for treating conditions such as arthritis and psoriasis.

Other Uses

In addition to its medicinal uses, Sophora microphylla is also used for a variety of other purposes, including:

• Ornamental tree: Kōwhai is a popular ornamental tree due to its beautiful flowers and attractive foliage.
• Wood: The wood of the tree is used for a variety of purposes, including carving and furniture making.
• Food: The flowers of the tree are edible and can be used to make a variety of dishes.

Safety

Sophora microphylla is generally considered to be safe when used in moderation. However, there are some potential side effects, including:

• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Diarrhoea
• Skin irritation

If you are pregnant or breastfeeding, you should talk to your doctor before using Sophora mircophylla.

What Is The Common Name For Sophora Prostrata?

Sophora prostrata has several common names, including:

• Kowhai (Māori)
• Prostrate kōwhai
• Dwarf kōwhai
• Little baby kōwhai

The name "kōwhai" is derived from the Māori word for the tree, which means "yellow" or "golden". The name "prostrata" refers to the plant's prostrate or creeping habit. The name "dwarf kōwhai" refers to the plant's small size compared to other kōwhai species. The name "little baby kōwhai" is a more recent and informal name for the plant, and it is often used to refer to the plant's small size and delicate flowers.

Planting And Growing Kowhai In NZ

Planting Kowhai and getting them to grow well is generally easy when you get a few of the basics right. This involves planting them in the right soil type, choosing the most ideal planting position, selecting the best variety, and ensuring the plants have the essentials to thrive. The Plant Company has the right advice to ensure success no matter how you are using the Kowhai.

Can Kowhai Be Grown In Coastal Environments?

Kowhai grow well in coastal areas provided they are not continuously covered in salt spray. Being constantly coated with sea spray results in leaf burning and ultimate death of the plant. Planting on the opposite side of the house to the beach is generally fine. If the soil is near pure sand, this will become problematic both from a watering and nutritional perspective. If the soil is too saline, this can also prove detrimental to the plants and result in them becoming stunted and not performing. Nonetheless, if you elect to plant in this environment, The Plant Company recommends ensuring the soil is well prepared with organic matter such as compost and water regularly during dry periods. Use Fertiliser For Native Plants to keep then well fed!

Can You Grow Kowhai In Pots?

Kowhai look amazing when grown in pots and managed appropriately. Sophora ‘Dragons Gold’ and Sophora prostrata is commonly used for this purpose. Other varieties can be grown in pots, though they may need more regular trimming to contain them.

To grow a Kowhai in a pot, choose a pot that is no less than twice the size of what the Kowhai is currently growing in and that has plenty of drainage holes in the bottom. Fill the bottom of the pot to about 1/3 of the way up with potting mix. Do not use soil or compost when growing plants in a container and do not add fertiliser. The Plant Company potting mix has all the nutrients required to sustain the plant for the next 12 months.

Remove the plant from the container it is growing in by either pulling it free or by cutting the bag. We recommend cutting the bag, especially for larger grade plants, to minimise any chance of damaging the roots. Place the plant in the hole without removing any of the growing media or cutting the roots. You can tease them apart if you want but this is not essential. If the roots have been circling the inside of the pot or they look totally root bound, you don’t need to cut them (refer to, Managing Rootbound Plants, for why we don’t cut them). Add more potting mix and firm this around the plant using gentle pressure, then water well. They should be watered twice a week during hot weather and weekly or fortnightly during cooler periods.

The key to having an amazing Kowhai in a pot is to both keep it fed correctly with container plant fertiliser and not to over-water it. Over-watering is the most common reason fail.

How To Plant Kowhai Trees And Shrubs

Choose a full sun or partial shade position with good drainage for your [Kowhai.] The hole should be dug to at least 50-75% deeper and wider than the container the plant is currently growing in. A planting spade makes the hole digging a lot easier. The Plant Company recommends incorporating compost or sheep pellets into the soil to provide additional organic material, but this is not essential. Do not put fertiliser in the bottom of the hole, rather spread that on the soil surface after planting, and preferably do this when the plant is actively growing in spring.

Remove the plant from the container it is growing in by either pulling it free or by cutting the bag. We recommend cutting the bag or container, especially for larger grade plants, to minimise any chance of damaging the roots. If the roots have been growing in a circle or are all bound up you can tease them apart if you want but this is not essential. Similarly, you don’t need to remove any of the growing media. The Plant Company does not recommend cutting the roots, even if the plant is root-bound as this offers no benefit. This is explained in our article, Managing Rootbound Plants.

Now place the plant in the hole and make sure it is level with the soil surface before filling in around it. If it is above the soil surface, dig more out. If it is below, put in more soil and retest the level. Once the plant is set level with the soil surface, add more soil gradually and firm it around the plant using gentle pressure as you go. Scatter Native Plant Fertiliser across the soil surface after planting and the give the plant a good watering.

What Is The Best Fertiliser For Kowhai?

Kowhai require feeding to keep them growing optimally. The Plant Company’s Native Fertiliser has been blended to give plants the boost they need and then sustained nutrition for the next 12 months. We recommend the fertiliser is applied to the soil surface in spring just as the plants start to grow actively. More importantly, we advise that no fertiliser is placed in the hole at planting, but rather spread around the soil surface so it can wash through the roots as it releases. The Plant Company’s Native Fertiliser ensures that nutrients remain in the soil around the plant rather than being lost through the soil profile to where the plant cannot reach it. This also applies to plants grown on sandy soils. Our Native Fertiliser is therefore very environmentally friendly and longer lasting than most other products in the market.

Foliar feeding using a liquid fertiliser can be undertaken if you have time but this is not essential if Native Plant Fertiliser has been applied. If you think the plants need an extra boost or have some yellowing, however, a liquid fertiliser application won’t hurt. A great benefit of foliar feeding is that it helps keep the leaves strong and lush.

Where Do Kowhai Grow Best?

A full sun or partial shade position with good drainage and some shelter is essential for getting the best results with Kowhai. In shaded conditions they tend to become “stretched” and somewhat spindly as the branches extend to chase light. On poorly drained soils they will struggle and may die a slow death due to a lack of air around the roots. The planting position should also be moderately sheltered which will help with establishment and the overall plant shape. The Plant Company recommends staking trees to offer support and to reduce any chance of wind damage.

How Do You Propagate Kowhai?

There are two main ways to propagate Kowhai. The first is through seed and second is through cuttings. Our short articles explain each method briefly.

Sophora Propagation by Cuttings

Take cuttings from healthy Sophora plants in the spring or summer. The stems should be at least 15 cm long and have about one-third of the foliage remaining. The leaves can be trimmed to make it easier to manage the cutting and help reduce moisture loss. Dip the ends of the cuttings in rooting hormone and place in a very well-draining potting mix. Providing bottom heat will encourage faster rooting and a greater success rate. Be sure not to let them dry out or get too wet. They normally take 4-5 weeks to start producing roots.

Sophora Propagation by Seed

Collect mature seeds from Sophora trees in autumn. Scarify the seeds by nicking them with a file or sandpaper. This help to break down the seed coat and allow the seeds to germinate more easily. Sow the seeds in a well-draining potting mix and keep them warm moist. The seeds should germinate within 2-3 weeks, though they can take 6-8 weeks for some varieties. Once the seedlings are large enough to handle, transplant them into individual pots.